PHENOMENA IN PSYCHOLOGY(148-174)
148 Mental Pendulum Effect
Human emotions, when influenced by external stimuli, are characterized by multiplicity and bipolarity. Each emotion has a different level, and there are opposite emotional states, such as love and hate, joy and sorrow. The law of “psychological pendulum” means that in the process of psychological activity in a specific context, the higher the level of feelings, the greater the “psychological slope”, and therefore it is easy to transform to the opposite emotional state, that is, if at the moment you are feeling excited, then the opposite That is, if you feel excited at the moment, the opposite mental state is likely to occur inevitably at another moment. Overcome this “psychological pendulum effect” method:
1, to eliminate some ideological bias. Life can not always climax, life can not always be poetry. Life has also have scattered, life has music also has bitter. Some people hope to live forever in the passion, romance, excitement and other ideal realm, thus the lack of the above factors of ordinary life is always repulsed by the intention of their state of mind will naturally be due to changes in the scene of life and the ups and downs. 2, people should learn to experience the different joys of various states of life. Both in the exciting activities in the experience of the passion of the passionate, but also in the plain as water in daily life to enjoy the leisurely life interest. The only way to avoid a great sense of loss and negative emotions in the life scene when a big change occurs. 3, to strengthen the role of reason on the regulation of emotions. People in the life of their own happy and excited time and space, should maintain a moderate degree of calm and sober. And when they turn into the emotional trough, we should try to avoid constantly compare and review their own emotional climax of the “exciting picture”, isolated from the source of stimulation, the attention to some can calm their state of mind or to invigorate their spirit of things and activities to go.
149 Orangutan Experiment
Experts in psychology and zoology once did an interesting experiment: in two rooms with many mirrors on the walls, put in two gorillas respectively. An orangutan. Mild temperament, it just entered the room, it was happy to see the mirror inside a lot of “companions” to their own arrival are reported to a friendly attitude, so it quickly and this new “group” to play with, sometimes running and playing, and sometimes ear to ear, each other They got along very well with each other. Until three days later, when it was led out of the room by the experimenters, it was still reluctant to leave. The other orangutan was a violent character, from the moment it entered the room, it was in the mirror, “the same kind of” the vicious attitude of anger, so it and the new “group” for endless chase and fight, three days later, it was dragged out of the room by the experimenters. Three days later, he was dragged out of the room by the experimenters, because the violent orangutan had already died of exhaustion and heart failure.
The inspiration of the “orangutan experiment” for school education is that, in the face of growing students, teachers should sincerely love and care about their students, and in particular, they should always adopt a friendly attitude towards them, because if teachers adopt a friendly attitude towards their students, the students will respond to them with a multiplying friendly attitude.
150 The “Sour Grapes” Mentality and the “Sweet Lemon” Mentality
The “sour grapes” mentality is a way of relieving some of our stress by saying that what we try to do but don’t get is “sour” and bad. For example: others have a good thing, I do not have, I want, but in fact I can not get. At this time, may wish to use the “sour grapes” mentality, in the mind to try to find that something bad place, say that something “bad”, to overcome their unreasonable needs.
The “sweet lemon” mentality is to think that one’s own lemon is sweet, “sweet lemon” means that one’s own all and can not get rid of things is good, to learn to accept themselves. Everyone has their own advantages, have their own advantages, everyone also has their own characteristics, do not easily say that they are not good, that is not as good as others, may wish to try the “sweet lemon” psychology will accept themselves, and gradually enhance self-confidence.
151Sheep herd effect
Is a common phenomenon that refers to the market behavior of some enterprises in management. For example, a flock (collective) is a very scattered organization, usually together blindly left and right. If a sheep finds a piece of fertile green grass and eats fresh grass there, the subsequent sheep will rush up and compete for the grass there, ignoring the wolves watching next to them or failing to see that there is better grass elsewhere. The emergence of the flock effect is generally in a very competitive industry, and the industry has a leader (leader) occupies the main attention, then the whole flock will continue to copy the leader of the sheep’s every move, the leader of the sheep to where to go to eat grass, the other sheep also go to where to pan for gold. Search engine this market competition intensified in the case of search engine giants on the action between the opponents very much attention, once a search engine appears a new function, or into a new field, many search engines will go to try this new “water and grassland” is really fertile, whether it is really Profitable.
152 Susceptibility Effect
Because previous learning has changed the structure of the learner’s knowledge, when encountering the material again, he will be more likely to perceive the potential meaning contained in the material. This phenomenon is known as the susceptibility effect. It is often used by assimilation theory to explain the effect of early review on the acquisition and retention of new knowledge. Assimilation theory suggests that when the newly acquired meaning is still relatively clear and intact in the cognitive structure, another exposure to this learned material and the already acquired cognitive content will cause this susceptibility effect in the learner. Thus, by reviewing earlier, learners are prone to perceive finer meanings and small differences.
153 The dissimilarity effect:
Psychologists once found in a test that men were much more civilized at male and female dining places than at male-only
dining is much more civilized, due to the fact that most people are more aware of what they say and do in the presence of the opposite sex.
154 The dominance effect
One can only succeed from one’s strengths and not from one’s weaknesses.
155 Stamp effect
Subjects that are linked to a specific thing, activity, or situation in a person are inferred with much greater accuracy.
156 Lunar Observation Effect
Due to the Sunday break, which disrupts the normal living and studying order of students, the will to study decreases, attention is distracted, and the spirit is lowered, thus affecting the effectiveness of learning, a phenomenon known as the Moon Yao Effect. This effect is often seen in the morning and afternoon first class, and is also very significant in the period after the vacation and the beginning of the school year. After a break, you should be refreshed and more efficient, but this is not the case, and it occurs according to the pattern of the Moon Effect. Some people refer to this as the moon sickness.
157 Bandwagon Effect.
Humans often have a tendency to engage in or believe what most other people do or believe, which is known as the “bandwagon effect”. In order not to isolate themselves from society, individuals often choose to do the same thing as the majority without thinking, and this bandwagon effect is the basis of the bandwagon fallacy and the bandwagon propaganda method.
A bandwagon is a direct translation of the English word bandwagon, which is the float that carries the band in a parade. By jumping on the bandwagon, participants can easily enjoy the music in the parade without having to walk, which is why the English phrase “jumping on the bandwagon” represents “entering the mainstream”. In this way, “jumping on the bandwagon” in English means “entering the mainstream”.
The bandwagon effect can often be seen in elections, for example, many voters like to vote for the candidate or party they think (or the media claims) is more likely to win, rather than their favorite, so as to increase their chances of being on the same side as the winner, which is also known as “watermelon snuggle big side” in Taiwan.
Bandwagon Fallacy: Derived from the bandwagon effect, the bandwagon fallacy is often referred to as the “fallacy of appealing to the masses” or the “fallacy of following the crowd,” which is the tendency to regard as true what a large number of people, or all people, believe, e.g., “Everyone says so, it can’t be wrong. If everyone says it, it can’t be wrong”!
However, it has been proven by many facts that what most or all people believe is not necessarily the right thing to do at the present time or through the evolution of time. For example, in the 18th century, the vast majority of people in the United States believed that slaves could exist in the world, but very few people in the United States think that way today. Or someone can claim that “smoking is healthy because so many people smoke,” when in fact there is so much medical evidence that smoking is bad for your health that you should say, “Smoking is bad for your health, even though so many people smoke.”
Bandwagon propaganda: The propaganda technique based on the bandwagon fallacy is the common bandwagon propaganda technique, in which the propagandist creates a “join us or else you’re against everyone” atmosphere, and demands that the listener accepts the idea as if it were accepted by everyone. The band float method also suggests to the listener that “it is better to be on the side of the winner than to be too concerned with right and wrong!”
Bandwagon floats are also often used in conjunction with other techniques, such as the “Four out of five physicians recommend a certain brand of gum ……” copy often seen in advertisements, which utilizes both bandwagon floats and “appeal to authority”. “Appeal to authority”.
158 The Johnson Effect
If you lack the proper mental qualities, you will fail in the arena even if you perform well in general.
159 The Brewing Effect: When a solution to a problem is repeatedly explored to no avail, putting the problem on hold for a while will often lead to a solution all at once due to some kind of opportunity.
160 Halo Effect
Halo effect, also known as halo effect. It refers to the fact that when people look at a problem, like the halo, it gradually spreads outward into a bigger and bigger circle from a central point, which is a kind of social psychological effect of substituting points for faces and generalizing under the influence of the halo or halo of salient features.
Most of our perceptions of others in daily life are influenced by this effect. Because it makes people evaluate, recognize and treat people only according to a certain prominent feature of them, such as a person who performs well once, he is considered to be excellent in everything, and when he makes a mistake, he is said to be consistently poor in performance, etc. Therefore, the halo effect is a kind of social psychological effect of generalizing people’s perceptions. Therefore, the halo effect is a common social psychological effect that leads us into the misperception of people.
In the perception of people’s appearance characteristics, such as the recognition of people’s appearance, the halo effect has certain positive effects and provides us with certain convenience. The negative effects of the halo effect tend to be most evident in judging a person’s moral character or character traits. It prevents us from observing and evaluating people comprehensively, so that we cannot find positive qualities and advantages in people with outstanding negative qualities, nor can we see shortcomings and deficiencies in people with outstanding positive qualities, and make a “worthless” or “perfect” evaluation of people. We can’t see the shortcomings and deficiencies in people who have outstanding positive qualities, and we can’t evaluate people as “useless” or “perfect”. As a matter of fact, in real life, there is no such thing as a good-for-nothing or a perfect person. Therefore, the halo effect is a danger of not seeing the mountain. It is easy to affect the accuracy and credibility of the evaluation of people by substituting points for faces and generalizing.
Recognize and master this social psychological effect, help us to overcome the prejudice of others, but also conducive to our understanding of the causes of prejudice in others. This is especially important for leaders and managers.
161 Increase and decrease effect
People are most attracted to those who seem to increase their liking for them, and least attracted to those who seem to decrease their liking for them. Psychologists call this phenomenon in interpersonal interactions the “increase-decrease effect”.
162 plant psychology and the baxter effect backster:
I was born in lafayette, New Jersey. My education was interrupted by the effects of World War II, when I attended DeCossas Agricultural and Mechanical College and was the first naval officer to be drafted. Prior to my service, I was extremely interested in the phenomenon of hypnosis and did much research. I had some suggestions on the use of hypnosis for intelligence and counterintelligence, which went unnoticed because I had just enlisted.
Eight months after my discharge at the end of World War II, I had the opportunity to study with the U.S. Army Counterintelligence Service. After a short period of training, I stayed on at headquarters in Maryland as an instructor, teaching courses in intelligence investigations. At that time, my use of hypnosis in intelligence and counterintelligence began to attract attention. I began to have my own office and specialize in it with the windows closed, but progress was very slow. On one occasion, I had used hypnosis on the commander’s secretary to obtain top secret documents for security reasons. That secretary woke up without realizing it. For the sake of secrecy, I kept the document in safe custody that night. The next day, I handed the document to the commander, saying: one was to notify the special police to arrest me, and the other was to listen carefully to my explanation. Later they listened carefully to my explanation. At that time, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had just been established, and after hearing about this, the CIA discharged me early and hired me to work in the area of background investigations using polygraphs.
The polygraph was like a special instrument for intelligence work, and it seemed like a natural connection to my field of hypnosis, nocturnal travel, which I had studied. I tried to use them in my work. But in fact, I was bored with the work I was doing at the CIA. Because the CIA had just been set up, and a lot of people wanted a decent job at the FBI. We took lie detector tests on xxxxxx people. Those who passed the test were put on the eligible list. Then we conduct job type investigations to assign the right job. I quit my government job and started specializing in polygraphs. I set up my own lab in dc and expanded with another office in boltmore and a third in nyc. The lab eventually became a fixture in NYC and in 1959, along with my peers, competitors in the polygraph industry, I founded the school. The first school in the nation at the time taught the use of the polygraph. Once the school was established, it required the use of a large number of polygraphs. And 1/3 of the polygraph is a dermatoreactor, which uses graph lines to respond to changes in a person’s mood, etc.
This is a standardized test chart of blood pressure and pulse intensity using an analog single needle ECG recorder. The record above is a respiratory curve. What I’m interested in is the electronic curve, the curve drawn by the galvanic skin reactor. I’m watering a plant, a cattleya. The flower had a long leafy stem and long leaves, and at the time it had probably been growing for a year to a year and a half, and had been bought by my secretary from a florist downstairs that was closing down and going out of business, and at the time we had also bought a rubber tree. I was curious while watering, I wondered how long it would take for the water to get at the roots, through the long leaf rods and eventually to the tops of the leaves. I thought: well ah, it just so happens that these lie detector devices can be used to measure the change in its electrical resistance and also its skin induction. Attach its leaves to electrodes and see what happens. Because when water reaches the tip of the leaf, the conductivity of the leaf sandwiched between the electrodes increases.
After watering, I thought I would see the drawn curve trend upward because the resistance gets lower as the water reaches it. Surprisingly, the trend of the curve instead showed a continuous downward trend, and I moved the pointer to the upper end, where the curve continuously slid downward. The shape of this section of the curve here caught my attention, if it were a skin electric response, we would interpret this section as representing mood swings, this section as representing emotional recovery, followed by an overall downward trend. This is a localization of the entire graph, this one is a standard presentation of a downward trending skin-electrogram. I was really taken aback when I realized that the shape of this localized curve showed the same emotional response as a human being.
163 The Van Buren Effect
The higher the price of some goods is set, the more they are favored by consumers. One day a Zen master, in order to inspire his disciples, gave his land a stone and told him to go to the vegetable market, and to try to sell it, which was very large and beautiful. But the master said, “Don’t sell it, just try to sell it. Watch it, ask a lot of people, and then just tell me how much it will sell for in the vegetable market.”
The man went. At the vegetable market, many people looked at the stone and thought: it would make a nice little ornament for our children to play with, or we could use it as a scale for weighing vegetables. So they bid, but only for a few small coins. The man came back. He said, “It will sell for a few coins at most.”
The Master said, “Now you go to the gold market and ask the people there. But don’t sell it, just ask the price.” Coming back from the gold market, this disciple was very happy and said, “These people are fantastic. They’re happy to offer up to a thousand dollars.”
The Master said, “Now you go to the jeweler’s market there and don’t sell it for less than 500,000.”
He went to the jeweler’s. He couldn’t believe that they were happy to offer 50,000 dollars, and he wouldn’t sell, and they continued to raise the price – they offered up to 100,000 dollars. But this disciple said, “I’m not going to sell it at that price.”
They said, “We’ll offer 200,000, 300,000!”
This disciple said, “I still can’t sell it at that price, I’m just asking the price.”
Although he found it unbelievable, “These people are crazy!” He felt for himself that the price in the vegetable market was enough, but didn’t show it. Finally, he sold the stone for 500,000 dollars.
He came back and the Master said, “But now you understand, this depends on you, on whether you have the touchstone, the understanding. If you don’t also ask for a higher price, you will never get a higher price.”
In this story city, the master has to tell the disciple is about realizing the value of life, but from the process of the disciple selling the stone, it reflects an economic law: the Van Buren effect.
We often see this scenario in life: style, leather almost a pair of leather shoes, in the ordinary shoe store selling 80 yuan, into the counter of the big mall, to be sold to a few hundred dollars, but there are always people who are willing to buy. 16,600 yuan of spectacle frames, 68,800 yuan of commemorative watches, 1,680,000 yuan of top-class pianos, these almost “sky-high” price of goods circulation. These almost “sky-high price” goods circulation, often can also be popular in the market.
In fact, the purpose of consumers buying such commodities is not only to obtain direct material satisfaction and enjoyment, but also to a greater extent to obtain psychological satisfaction. This gives rise to a peculiar economic phenomenon, that is, the higher the price of some commodities is set, the more they are favored by consumers. Since this phenomenon was first noticed by the American economist Van Buren, it was named “Van Buren effect”.
With the development of social economy, people’s consumption will increase with the increase of income, and gradually from the pursuit of quantity and quality transition to the pursuit of taste and style.
Understanding the “Van Buren Effect”, we can also use it to explore new business strategies. For example, by virtue of media publicity, their own image into goods or services on the reputation, so that the goods attached to a high-level image, giving people the “noble” and “extraordinary” impression, thereby strengthening the consumer’s goodwill towards the goods.
This conversion of value in the consumer from the quantity, quality of the purchase stage to the transition to the emotional stage of purchase, it becomes possible. In fact, in some developed areas along the southeast coast, emotional consumption has gradually become a fashion, and as long as consumers have the ability to make such emotional purchases, the “Van Buren effect” can be effectively transformed into a marketing strategy to increase market share.
164 The Ziggy Nick Effect
Try this: draw a circle with one brush stroke, leaving a small intentional gap at the intersection. Look back at the circle, and now your mind will be flashing to fill the blank arc of the idea. Because there is always a sense of unfinished business, and you’re trying to find a way to end it for psychological fulfillment. There was a psychologist named Bruma Zygodnik who gave a series of assignments to 128 children, and she had them complete one part of the assignment and made them stop in the middle of another. The results were tested after an hour. 110 children remembered the work that was stopped in the middle. Zignac concluded that people are more forgetful of work that has already been completed because the “desire to finish” has been satisfied, while unfinished work lingers in the mind. This is the so-called ‘Ziguinchor Effect’. What is the psychological mechanism of the Zigzag effect? The German psychologist Llewellyn, known as the father of modern social psychology, believes that humans have a natural tendency to complete a unit of behavior, such as solving a riddle, studying a book, etc., which is called “psychological tension”. Research has also shown that all people attempt to fulfill their needs and complete actions. These are both innate needs (hunger, thirst, etc.) and semi-needs (urgent tendencies). In Levin’s view, the sources of individual agency are multiple and varied. Aroused but unsatisfied psychological needs generate a system of tensions that determine the tendencies, psychological tone and character of individual behavior. If the tension system is created by interrupting the process of satisfying a need or solving a task, it can lead a person to take action to reach a goal. According to Levin, an unfinished task perpetuates an unresolved tension system, and when the task is completed, the tension system that existed alongside it will also disappear. Thus, a person’s “psychological tension” system is the psychological mechanism that produces the “Ziguinchor effect”.
165 Self-Reference Effect
When we are exposed to something new, if it is closely related to ourselves, we will be motivated to learn it, and we will not easily forget it.
166 Self-selection effect
Once an individual chooses a certain path in life, there is inertia and self-reinforcement to continue on that path.
167 Gateway Effect
The so-called doorstep effect refers to the fact that after accepting a lower level of demands, a person, with proper guidance, tends to gradually accept a higher level of demands. The effect was proposed by American social psychologists Friedman and Fraser in 1966 in a field experiment on the Stress-Free Submission: Ascending Doorstep Technique.
168 The Primacy Effect
The primacy effect, sometimes referred to as the role of first impressions, refers to the role of the first impression of a perceptual object on the perceiver in influencing social perception. Specifically, it refers to the initial contact with a person or event that creates a mental stereotype of someone or something with an emotional component, which in turn affects subsequent evaluations of that person or event. Therefore, we can see that this effect is detrimental to the collection of correct information to be analyzed in decision-making. Whether the first impression is good or bad, it is one-sided, and is not conducive to a comprehensive understanding and analysis.
The effect of first impressions is called the primacy effect. According to the first impression to evaluate a person’s good or bad, often more biased. If the recruitment test and examination of employee performance, only on the basis of first impression, will be blinded by certain superficial phenomena.
The first cause effect is mainly manifested in two aspects in the recruitment process: first, judging people by their appearance. The instrumentation, elegant candidates are easy to win the examiner’s favor, and the second is to speak for people, those who are eloquent, often give a good impression of the repartee. Therefore, in the selection of talent, not only to listen to their words, look at their appearance, but also check their behavior, test their performance.
169 Heterosexual effect
Ms. Li is the manager of a company’s public relations department. She has a wide range of contacts, and she has made great achievements for the company. The company’s raw materials are in short supply, the material section of the comrades to run around, but hit a brick wall, and Ms. Lee went out to contact, and soon the problem will be solved. The company’s cash flow is seriously out of order, the urgent need for loans, the general manager as anxious as the ants on the hot pot. Ms. Li, again, the wind and dust, circling between the banks, and even obtained a loan of millions of dollars. Ms. Li is therefore highly valued by the leadership, salary, bonuses, plus and plus. Some people try to summarize the secrets of Ms. Lee’s success, found that she has a clear mind, agile eloquence, rich knowledge and experience, to receive things and treat people flexibly in addition to her dignified appearance, elegant instrument also has a great relationship.
In our daily life, we can often see the male salesman to receive female customers, generally more enthusiastic than the reception of male customers. The reason for Ms. Li’s success lies in the fact that today’s society is still a male-dominated society, and most of the men have to deal with men when they go out to do business, and it is smoother for a woman to come forward, which is the so-called “opposite-sex effect” in psychology. This is what is known in psychology as the “opposite sex effect”. This phenomenon is based on the attraction of the opposite sex. People are generally more interested in the opposite sex, especially in the appearance of pleasing, well-spoken and behavior of the opposite sex is interested in this point, women are no exception, but not as obvious as men to women. Sometimes in order to attract the attention of the opposite sex, men also like to show themselves in front of women, which is also the “opposite sex effect” at work. However, the “opposite sex effect” should not be abused. Female appearance is beautiful, pleasing to the eye, if coupled with proper interaction, in front of the opposite sex to do things easily, this is normal; on the contrary, if to achieve a certain purpose, with the color to seduce others that is immoral. Men of the opposite sex, especially the young and beautiful opposite sex warm some, some polite is not to be disputed, but the opposite sex as a stimulus, want to get into the wrong, let a person feel “” colorful “”, let a person feel “”. Fascinated”, it exceeds the limit, therefore, with the opposite sex contact to grasp the “degree”.
170 Responsibility dispersion effect
March 13, 1964 night 3:20, in front of an apartment in the suburbs of New York, the United States, a young woman called Juno than white in the end of the bar work on the way home was assassinated. As she cried out in desperation, “Somebody’s trying to kill somebody! Help! Help!” Upon hearing the shouts, nearby residents lit their lights and opened their windows, and the killer ran away in terror. When calm was restored, the murderer returned. When she screamed again, the nearby residents turned on the lights again and the murderer fled again. When she thought she was in the clear and returned to her house to go upstairs, the murderer once again appeared before her and killed her on the stairs. In the process, although she cried out for help; at least 38 of her neighbors went to the window to watch, but no one came to her rescue, and no one even called the police. This incident caused a sensation in New York society, and also aroused the attention and thoughts of social psychologists. People put this phenomenon of many bystanders to see the death of the phenomenon known as the dispersion of responsibility effect.
For the reasons of the formation of responsibility dispersion effect, psychologists conducted a large number of experiments and investigations, the results found that: this phenomenon can not just say that the crowd’s callousness, or the performance of the growing moral degradation. Because in different occasions, people’s aid behavior is really different. When a person encounters an emergency situation, if he is the only one who can provide help, he will be conscious of his responsibility to help the sufferer. If he sees death, he will feel guilty and guilty, and this comes at a high psychological cost. If there are many people present, the responsibility to help the person in need of help will be shared by everyone, resulting in the dispersion of responsibility, each person’s share of responsibility is very small, the bystander may not even realize his own share of responsibility, thus creating a “I do not go to save, by others to save” mentality, resulting in a “collective indifference” situation. How to break this situation is an important topic that psychologists are studying.
171 Archimedes and the brewing effect
In ancient Greece, the king had a pure gold crown made, but he suspected that the craftsman had mixed silver in the crown. The problem was that the crown was as heavy as the one given to the goldsmith in the first place, and no one knew whether the goldsmith had done anything wrong. The king gave this problem to Archimedes. Archimedes in order to solve this problem, he tried a lot of ideas at first, but failed. One day when he went to take a bath, he sat down in the bath tub so that he could see the water overflowing and at the same time felt that his body was being gently lifted up, and he suddenly realized that he had solved the problem by applying the principle of buoyancy. Whether scientists or people in general, in the process of problem solving, we can find “put the problem aside for a period of time, in order to get a satisfactory answer” this phenomenon. Psychologists call this the “brewing effect”. Archimedes’ discovery of the law of buoyancy is a classic story of the brewing effect.
In our daily lives, we are often at a loss for a difficult problem, don’t know where to start, then the thinking enters the “brewing stage”. Until one day, when we put aside the problem in front of us to do other things, the answer to the problem suddenly appeared in front of us, so that we can not help but send out a similar Archimedes’s amazement, at this time, the “brewing effect” bloomed “thinking flower”, bearing the “answer”! This is when the “brewing effect” blossoms into the “flower of thought” and bears the “fruit of answer”. Ancient poems say “there is no way out of the mountain, and there is another village in the darkness” is exactly the portrayal of this mentality. Psychologists believe that the brewing process, there is a potential level of consciousness reasoning, stored in the memory of the relevant information in the subconscious combination, the reason why people in the rest of the time suddenly find the answer, because the individual eliminated the early psychological tension, forget the individual in front of the incorrect, leading to an impasse in the thought process, with a creative state of mind. Therefore, if you are faced with a difficult problem, you may wish to put it aside, go for a walk with friends, drinking tea, perhaps the answer will really “step through the iron shoes without looking for, get all the effort”.
172 Migration effect
In learning psychology, the effect of prior learning on subsequent learning is called the “migration effect”. There are three types of effects:
The effect of prior learning a promotes the effect of subsequent learning b is called the positive effect; the effect of prior learning a interferes with and hinders the effect of subsequent learning b is called the negative effect; and the effect of prior learning a promotes the effect of subsequent learning b has no effect, which is called the zero effect.
In daily life and learning, do not pay attention to the conditions related to the conditions of migration, the phenomenon of unnecessary migration will occur, for example, Japanese drivers in the United States driving, often have difficulties, and even car accidents. This is mainly because in Japan is “car left, people right”, while in the United States is just the opposite. Of course, if the migration effect is utilized well, it may produce the following effects. For example, in the baseball players to select out of the golf training team; let the English-speaking people to learn French, German, Spanish will generally have more satisfactory results.
This theory gives inspiration for learning:
First, pay attention to find the concepts, principles of the same, common place.
Second, pay attention to the summary of the learning method, that is, in the learning process, pay attention to master those with regular ways and means of solving problems.
Third, we should widely accumulate learning experience in all aspects.
Fourth, attention should be paid to preventing stereotypes from arising in the learning process, especially in the process of problem solving.
173 The Rising Up Effect
This is a positive effect opposite to the significance of the broken fall effect: when a big setback, the frustrated person not only does not get discouraged, but also inspires the will to change the present situation and work hard to achieve rapid success, i.e., the rising up effect.
174 Entry barrier effect
In psychology, the “entry barrier effect” refers to the fact that if a person accepts a trivial request from another person, he or she is very likely to accept a larger request in order to avoid cognitive dissonance or to leave a consistent impression on the other person. The theory of this effect was proposed by American social psychologists Friedman and Fraser in an experiment. The experiment went like this: the experimenters asked their assistants to go to two neighborhoods and persuade people to put up a big placard with “Drive Carefully” in front of their houses. In the first neighborhood, they directly asked people to do this, the result was rejected by many residents, only 17% of those who accepted the request. In the second neighborhood, the experimenters first asked residents to sign a petition in favor of safe driving, a small and easy request that almost all of them complied with. A few weeks later, they asked these residents to put up signs again, and this time, 55% of them accepted. Why did the same request to put up a sign produce such different results?
The researcher believes that it is natural for people to refuse requests that are difficult to do or that are against their will, but if a person cannot find a reason to refuse a small request, the tendency to agree to the request will increase; and after he has been involved in a small part of the activity, he will develop a variety of perceptions or attitudes that he will conform to the request by his own actions. If he refuses a later, larger request, he will experience cognitive dissonance, and the internal pressure to regain it will encourage him to continue or to help more, and will make the change in attitude an ongoing process. The phenomenon of using this method to get others to accept one’s request is called the “doorstep technique” in psychology.
If you learn how to use this technique to communicate with people in your daily life, it will be easier for you to get their cooperation and support. For example: traffic police on duty, found that some people driving violations, stopping the offending driver with harsh words to reprimand him, or roughly ordered to hand over his driver’s license to register a fine, such an attitude is likely to cause the driver’s psychological resistance, thus artificially increasing the difficulty of the work. At this point, may wish to consider according to the principle of “into the door of the effect”, a different way of communication with the driver to communicate. Here to provide a kind of ideas for reference: such as stopping the party, first smile and salute, and then a short publicity on his general knowledge of traffic safety, and then pointed out that it belongs to what kind of violation, may lead to what kind of consequences, as far as possible, from the point of view of the party’s own safety to persuade, so that he is truly aware of their own faults.
It is also best to use with the small publicity coloring pages or small cards of general knowledge of safety, so that the public know clearly which one of their own violation of the rules of driving, the design of a set of “friendly reminder cartoon pattern” so that he made a mistake from the “perpetrators of” cartoon series of stickers in the selection of appropriate The kind of stickers on the steering wheel, so that in the future driving at any time to remind themselves not to violate traffic rules. Such a method can not only achieve the purpose of education and management, but also in a harmonious atmosphere to form a better relationship between the police and the public. Even if you have to take measures such as fines, after such a paving, but also conducive to make the other side of the heart, take the initiative to cooperate with the attitude.
In fact, “into the door effect” can also be used in all aspects of life, which requires us to slowly find out and experience. You can use it in your interactions with people around you to make them willing to accept your point of view from the bottom of their hearts. Use this little psychological principle flexibly in real life, through the process of communication and interaction, step by step into other people’s “heart”, leaving a friendly impression on the other side.
