PHENOMENA IN PSYCHOLOGY(34-40)

34 Desi Effect
The Desi effect refers to the fact that under certain circumstances, when both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are received, not only will it not increase the motivational power of work, but its effect will be reduced, and it will become the difference between the two, and the extrinsic rewards (mainly rewards) will offset the effect of the intrinsic rewards.
[Experiment] Desi made a special experiment in 1971. He had college students as subjects to solve interesting intellectual puzzles in a laboratory. The experiment consisted of three phases. In the first phase, all the subjects were not rewarded; in the second phase, the subjects were divided into two groups, the subjects in the experimental group were paid $1 for the first completed puzzle, while the subjects in the control group were not rewarded, as in the first phase; in the third phase, the subjects were allowed to move around freely in the same place during the breaks and whether they continued to solve the puzzles or not was taken as an indicator of the extent to which they enjoyed the activity.
[Results] In the experimental group (reward group), the subjects did work very hard in the second stage, but fewer of them continued to solve the problems in the third stage, indicating that the level of interest and effort was weakening, whereas in the control group (no-reward group), more subjects continued to solve the puzzles during the rest time, indicating that the level of interest and effort was increasing.
[Analysis] This result suggests that performing an enjoyable activity (i.e., internally perceived reward) that offers an external material reward (plus reward) can, in turn, reduce the attractiveness of that activity to participants.
Possible explanations for the Desi effect:

1. the original additive reward is too far from the level of the relevant need fulfillment and the demand for the additive reward is too strong;
2. the original strength of the direct incentive is insufficient;
   3, the values (ideological beliefs) of some kind of deviation, failed to adjust the need level to the structure of the work requirements.
   [Application] Handling these factors well will generally reduce the negative impact of additional compensation on internal sense of compensation, and additional compensation will play its own role without affecting the internal sense of compensation.

35 The Inch Into a Mile Effect
American social psychologist Friedman did an interesting experiment: he asked his assistant to visit some housewives and asked the interviewees to promise to hang a small sign in the window, which they did. After half a month, the experimenter went to the door again and asked for a large sign to be placed in the courtyard, which was not only large but also unsightly. At the same time, the experimenter made the same request to housewives who had not previously put up a small sign. The result was that 55% of the former agreed, while less than 17% of the latter did, the former being three times higher than the latter. This psychological phenomenon was later called the “inch for inch effect”.
Psychology believes that every human will action has the initial goal of action, in many occasions, due to the complexity of human motivation, people are often faced with a variety of different goals to compare, weigh and choose, in the same situation, those simple and easy goals are easy for people to accept. In addition, people are always willing to adjust themselves into a consistent and consistent image, even if the requirements of others are a little too much, but in order to maintain the consistency of the impression, people will continue.
The above psychological effect tells us that when we want others to accept a very big or even difficult request, it is better to let him accept a small request first, once he accepts this small request, it will be easier for him to accept a higher request. As a special group, poor students are below the general level in terms of their physical and mental qualities and learning foundation. Conversion of poor students, like Friedman, should be good at guidance, good “ladder”, so that the gradual transformation; should implement the “small steps, low steps, hard to help, more care” principle, pay attention to the “ladder “rely on the place to be correct, the distance should not be too large, too steep, to do to help a “ladder”, to support a person.

36 waiting effect 　

　As people wait for something and produce changes in attitude and behavior, this phenomenon is called the waiting effect. In teaching, excellent teachers often use this effect, so that students produce a new text or new learning unit of the waiting mentality, in order to promote students to self-study. This contributes to the continuity of the upper and lower texts or the units before and after, and more importantly, it leads to positive changes in students’ learning interests, attitudes and behaviors.

37 First Impression Effect

A psychologist once conducted an experiment in which he asked two students to get half of 30 questions right, but asked student a to try to get as many questions right as possible in the first 15 questions and student b to try to get as many questions right as possible in the last 15 questions, and then asked a number of subjects to evaluate the two students: who was smarter when compared to each other? It was found that most of the subjects thought that student a was smarter. This is the first impression effect. The first impression effect refers to the initial exposure to the information formed by the impression of our subsequent behavioral activities and evaluation of the impact, in fact, refers to the “first impression” of the impact. The first impression effect is a woman and children know the truth, for the official always pay attention to burn the beginning of the office of the “three fires”, the common people also know that “under the horse’s power” of the wonderful, everyone is trying to leave a good “first impression” to others. First Impression

38 Stereotype Effect

A farmer lost an axe and suspected that his neighbor’s son had stolen it, so he observed the way he walked, the expression on his face, and felt that his words and actions were like those of the axe thief. Later, the farmer found the lost axe, and when he looked at his neighbor’s son again, he felt that there was no trace of the axe thief in his speech and behavior. This story describes the process of the farmer’s mental activities under the effect of psychological stereotypes. The so-called psychological stereotypes refers to the cognitive activities of people in the “old eyes” – the existing knowledge and experience to view the current problem of a psychological reaction tendency, also known as thinking stereotypes or heart direction.
In interpersonal communication, the stereotype effect is manifested in the fact that people perceive others with a fixed character image. For example, when we interact with the elderly, we will think that they are rigid in their thinking, stick to the rules and cannot keep up with the times, while they will think that we are young and inexperienced, and that our mouths are hairless, but not firm. When we get along with our classmates, we will think that honest people will never lie; and once we think that someone is cunning, even if he expresses his goodwill to you, you will think that it is “a weasel paying homage to a chicken”. Mental stereotypes often lead to bias and prejudice, preventing us from perceiving others correctly. That’s why we need to “look at others differently”! Don’t just keep looking at people with the same old eyes.

39 Stereotype effect
　　The so-called “stereotype” refers to a fixed image of a certain type of person that exists in people’s minds. There are countless stereotypes in people’s minds: people of different ages, different occupations, different social statuses, different origins, different nationalities, different genders, all have a fixed image in people’s minds. Such as intellectuals are wearing glasses, pale “white-faced scholar” image; farmers are rough hands and feet, simple and quiet image, Shandong people are often regarded as bold and upright and able to bear hardships and stand hard work, and so on.
　　Stereotype effect, also known as social stereotypes, refers to people when they see others, often consciously according to the appearance of people’s behavioral characteristics, combined with their own stereotypes in their own minds, people are categorized, in order to evaluate a person, such as seeing a muscular, tall, wearing a sports uniform, it is very natural to think that he must be an athlete.
　　Stereotypes exist in people’s minds is a reflection of people’s past experience, but due to the wide range of differences among all types of people and the impact of social development and change, the same type of image of people can not be the same, nor can it be fixed, even if it is the same person, in different periods and different environments will occur in different areas of language, behavior and even personality changes, which are called This is the so-called “three days apart, when the eyes are impressed”. For example, the image of a farmer who has escaped poverty and embarked on the road to prosperity is vastly different from the past. Therefore, taking the unchanging fixed image as the basis to recognize the thousands of different, ever-changing people and their behaviors will obviously make our understanding biased, leading to wrong judgments and decisions. It can be seen that the stereotype effect is also a kind of social psychological effect that makes people have prejudice. Leaders and management workers must consciously overcome the negative impact of this effect on our practical life and work, and strive to historically, comprehensively and correctly understand the people and events around us, to reduce errors in judgment and decision-making.

40 more to see the effect

In the eyes of many people, it is human nature to hate the old and like the new. However, is this really true?
　　In the 1960s, the psychologist Charents did a test: first to the subject to show some photos, some appeared more than 20 times, some appeared more than 10 times, some appeared only once or twice, and then asked the other subjects to evaluate the degree of fondness for the photos, the results found that the subjects preferred those who have seen a few times of fresh photos, both the number of times to see the degree of increase in fondness.
　　This phenomenon of liking more familiar things is known as the multiple viewing effect in psychology. In interpersonal relationships, if you look carefully, you will find that those who are very well liked, often the effect of multiple viewings of the best: they are good at creating opportunities for both sides of the contact, has increased familiarity with each other, and then produce a stronger attraction to each other.
　　Is interpersonal attraction really that simple? There are social psychology experiments to support: in a university dormitory building for women, psychologists randomly find a few dormitories, give them different flavors of beverages, and then ask the girls in these dormitories, you can taste the drinks as a reason to walk around each other in these dormitories, but not to talk to each other when they meet. After a period of time, psychologists assessed the degree of familiarity and liking between them, and found that: the more often they met, the greater the degree of mutual liking: the fewer times they met or did not meet at all, the degree of mutual liking is also lower.
　　This shows that if you want to enhance interpersonal attraction, you should pay attention to improve your familiarity in front of others, which can increase the degree of others like you. Therefore, a person who is self-absorbed, or who avoids and withdraws from others, is puzzling because he or she is not easily approachable, i.e., too likeable.
　　Of course, the prerequisite for the effect of seeing more is that the primacy effect should be good, if the first impression is not very bad, then the more you meet, the more you will get annoyed, and the effect of seeing more plays a secondary role.