Phenomena in Psychology(11-20)
11 The Bernard Effect
The British scholar Bernard was diligent and hardworking, as well as highly talented. If he had spent his life studying crystallography or biochemistry, he might well have won the Nobel Prize. But he willingly took another path – for others to do a ladder, a pioneering subject to put forward, guiding others to the peak of science, this move is known to scientists as the “Bernard effect”. As a classroom teacher, you do not necessarily have the talent of Bernard, nor is it necessarily an expert scholar in a certain subject, but compared with the students, you always have some advantages in some aspects. As long as the classroom teacher is conscientious to give play to his or her own advantages and utilization, he or she can gradually cultivate a wide range of interests and hobbies, further stimulate the students’ desire for knowledge, thus prompting the students to make faster progress and produce the effect of “the blue is better than the blue”.
12 Beiber Law
The first stimulus can relieve the second small stimulus that is “Beebe’s Law”. Experiments show that people are very sensitive to the price of a newspaper going up by 50 yuan or a bus ticket going up from 200 yuan to 250 yuan, but if the price of a house goes up by 1 million or even 2 million yuan, people won’t feel that the price of the house has gone up by a lot. The stronger the initial stimulus, the more insensitive people will be to subsequent stimuli. “Beebe’s Law is often applied to personnel changes or organizational restructuring in business. If a company wants to get rid of a person who is considered a thorn in its side, it should first make large-scale personnel changes or layoffs in departments that are not related to these people, so that the other staff members can get used to the shock. Then target the original targets on the third or fourth personnel change and layoff. Many people are numbed to subsequent shocks after the first one.
13 The Bimarron Effect
The evaluating subject underestimates the evaluee’s abilities and identifies the evaluee as unmotivated and poorly behaved, such that the evaluee internalizes this perception and is motivated to exhibit poor behavior.
14 The Su Dongpo Effect.
There is an ancient joke: a monk was escorted to the capital city by a police constable. When he was staying at the hotel, the monk got him drunk and shaved his hair and fled. When he woke up, he was shocked to find that one person was missing, then he felt his bald head and turned shocked to happy: “Fortunately, the monk is still there.” But then there is confusion: “Where am I?” This joke to a certain extent confirms the poet Su Dongpo’s two lines of poetry: “do not know the true face of Mount Lu, only to be in this mountain.” That is, people on the “self” as if in their own hands, it is often difficult to correctly recognize; in a sense, recognize the “self” than to recognize the objective reality is more difficult. In a sense, it is more difficult to recognize the “self” than to recognize the objective reality. Therefore, “people should have self-knowledge”. Social psychologists call the psychological phenomenon of people’s difficulty in correctly recognizing “self” the “Su Dongpo effect”.
15 Marginal Effect
Sometimes called the marginal contribution, it refers to the fact that when consumers increase one unit of consumption goods one by one, the unit of utility brought by the consumer is gradually decreasing (although the total utility brought by the consumer is still increasing). To give a common example, when you are very hungry, someone brings you a cage of buns, then you must feel that eating the first bun is the best feeling, the more you eat, the individual buns to bring you a sense of satisfaction will be smaller, until you eat up, then the other buns can not play any utility. The marginal effect is widely used, for example, in economics, the law of demand is based on this, that is: the more the user buys or uses the commodity, the lower the cost per unit of the commodity he is willing to pay (because of the reduced utility of the later purchased commodity to him). Of course there are a few exceptions, such as the alcoholic who is happier the more he drinks, or the philatelist who collects a set of Cultural Revolution stamps, then the marginal effect of the last stamp collected in the set is the largest. Understand the concept of marginal effect, you can try to use it in real life, for example: you are the management of the company, to give the staff to increase wages, to 3k monthly salary of people to increase 1k brought about by the effect in general is greater than the 6k monthly salary of people to increase 1k, may be 6k monthly salary of people to increase the 2k equivalent, so it seems to low-income people to increase the monthly salary of the company is more favorable; In addition, often rely on increased salaries to maintain the Employee’s enthusiasm for work seems to be no good, the first salary increase after 1k, employees are very excited, greatly increased enthusiasm for work; the second salary increase of 1k, very excited, increased some enthusiasm for work; the third salary increase of 2k, a little bit of excitement, may increase the enthusiasm for work; the fourth… … Until the salary increase has not brought any effect. If you want to avoid this situation, each pay rise want to achieve the same effect as the first pay rise 1k, the second pay rise may need 2k, the third need 3k … … …, or the use of other incentives, such as the second can be arranged to participate in professional development training, the third can be in the position of its promotion, although the cost may want to be, but because of the different means to achieve a better result. The study of economics is actually very interesting, but for many people, it is not possible to have both with the it industry.
16Decreasing Marginal Effect
Diminishing Marginal Effect is a basic concept in economics, which says that in an enterprise with resources as inputs, the utility of a unit of resource inputs to the product output is decreasing, in other words, although the total amount of its output is increasing, but its second-order inverse is negative, which makes its growth rate slows down, making it eventually tend to the peak, and may decline.
The most obvious interpretation of this is a nonlinear function, such as a quadratic curve.
In life, we can see many examples of this: you are given a Cute Multi, you jump around with joy thinking you have earned it, followed by a second one …… But keep giving it to you, and you’ll feel it start to make you sick. There are two reasons for this: one, you’re full and don’t physically need it anymore, and two, you’re tired of it and have had enough of the stimulation. You want a chance to confess yourself “Boss, give a Hagen ah good ah?” The so-called “three fires in a new office” is the same thing: when you first arrive, you want to get acquainted, so you do everything you can to get acquainted. As the days go by, it will fade away. A typical textbook would explain it this way: the mysterious and mysterious psychology and sociology.
If we create a mapping such that the various utilities are comparable (e.g., it is not meaningless to define that it is better to run fast than to run steady, as exemplified by the racing world), then inputs and outputs (as well as cumulative inputs and cumulative outputs) can be modeled over a time series. As can be seen by the two examples above, this concept can be understood in terms of two features: one, t=0 is much larger than the output at t->infinity (which is the likeness of the series function). Two, t->t and t->t+1 do not change much at t->infinity (this is the first order inverse of the image). The former indicates a general trend of decreasing, the latter indicates a slowing of the rate of decrease.
Let’s think about it, diminishing marginal utility style a ubiquitous law, you want to pass level 4, so you find a treasure book, memorize from a, not bad, a moment to memorize it (of course, there was not too much a, I’m this kind of person), then b, then ……b part2, then b part 2 1/2… The concept of gradations has an application. Of course you can choose to memorize back from z (of course, I’m one of those people). As you can see, inputs and outputs are the same concept, and since inputs are put in to require outputs, the inverse of diminishing marginal benefits still applies. We can extend this to the concept of leaving utility. Let’s look at a real-world problem: I was cleaning my room yesterday and noticed that a layer of dust had gone back on the table I had just wiped down, and that it didn’t look any different from a small stand next to it. In fact, the latter was last groomed when I was not yet in NJ …… A thing goes from clean to up very quickly, but from dirty to very dirty is what a long process ah, counting on the archaeological team? (Though there is an element of evaluation as well.) One can think of many, many more, such as, for example, a bit of humanism, “what is lost is real.”
How can we utilize this law? The economic explanation is the optimal allocation of resources. Because too much input makes the final return spread too thin. Even the best has a limit. Science and technology is even more clear, the so-called various advanced operations are somehow laborious, the most effective are often those basic operations. More advanced are of course some mathematical games. However I think the origin of this phenomenon is definitely a philosophical question of why we progress and evolve. Think about it, if marginal benefits are increasing, do we still need to innovate? Do we still need persistence? Comrades, cuteness is more than enough, no, cool water will do! The word charisma, forever, is lost.
17 The Ripple Effect
Refers to the collective in the learning, the teacher has influence on the students to exert pressure, the implementation of punishment, to take irony, sarcasm and other damage to the personality of the practice, will cause teachers and students antagonism, the phenomenon of resistance, and some students will even deliberately disrupt the situation, there is a wave yet to be pacified, a wave of the situation again and again. At this time, the teacher’s influence tends to decline or disappear, because these students have a greater attraction in the collective. This effect will have far-reaching and bad influence on students’ learning, moral development, psychological quality and physical and mental health.
18 Brittain’s Donkey Effect
The phenomenon of indecision and hesitation in the decision-making process is called the “Brittain’s Donkey Effect”.
19 The Law of Unworthiness
The most intuitive expression of the law of unworthiness is: what is not worth doing is not worth doing well, this law seems to be more simple, but its importance is often forgotten. The law of unworthiness reflects a mentality that a person who is engaged in something he or she considers unworthy of doing tends to maintain a cynical and perfunctory attitude. Not only is the success rate small, but even if one succeeds, one will not feel much fulfillment. What are the things worth doing? Generally speaking, this depends on three factors. 1. Values. We’ve talked a lot about values, and we’ll only do things with enthusiasm if they fit our values. 2. personality and temperament. It is very difficult for a person to do a job that is completely alien to his personality and temperament, such as a sociable person who becomes a file clerk, or a shy person who has to deal with different people every day. 3. The reality of the situation. The same job, when done in different situations, gives us different feelings. For example, in a large company, if you start out doing odd jobs or errands, you are likely to think that it is not worth it, but once you are promoted to foreman or department manager, you will not think so. Psychological Analysis: Jobs that are worth doing are those that are in line with our values, fit our personality and temperament, and show us what to expect. If your job doesn’t have these three factors, you need to consider changing to something more suitable and try to do it well. Therefore, it is important for individuals to pick one of the many available goals and values to strive for, and then strive for it. “Choose what you love and love what you choose” is what may inspire our perseverance in striving and peace of mind. And for an enterprise or organization, it is necessary to analyze the staff’s character characteristics very well, and distribute the work reasonably, such as letting the workers with strong desire for achievement to complete the work with certain risk and difficulty alone or lead, and give regular affirmation and praise when it is completed; letting the workers with strong desire for attachment to take part in a certain group xxxxxx with the work more; letting the workers with strong desire for power to take up a position as the supervisor who is suitable for the ability. The staffs with strong desire for power should be appointed as a supervisor that is appropriate to their ability. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the staff’s sense of identification with the enterprise’s goals, so that the staff feel that the work they do is worthwhile, so as to stimulate the enthusiasm of the staff.
20 Wealth effect
The wealth effect refers to the fact that the more assets people have, the stronger their consumption desire is. The premise of this theory is that people’s wealth and disposable income will increase with the rise of stock prices. Therefore, people are more willing to spend .
